Based on PLANCKS 2014. Problem 2.
A Newton’s cradle is well-known physics demo where a swinging ball hits upon a number of other (same) balls at rest. The momentum is transferred (fully if elastic collisions are assumed) to the last ball letting the others at rest. Then that ball performs a pendulum-like motion and the motion is realized in reverse.
Let a Newton’s cradle of (total) $N$ balls and assume that the launched ball has velocity at the time of collision $v_0$ and after the collision the balls have a velocity $v_i$. As one ball cannot move faster than the next one, the following constrain relationship holds.
\[ 0 \leqslant v_{i - 1} < v_i \]
Then, by the conservation of momentum
\[ m v_0 = \sum m v_i \Rightarrow v_0 = \sum v_i \]
and by the conservation of energy
\[ E_0 = \sum E_i \Rightarrow T_0 = \sum T_i \Rightarrow v_0^2 = \sum v_i^2 \]
The first equation describes a hyperplane that contains the points $P_i = (\delta_{i j} v_0)$ whereas the second describes a hypersphere centered at origin of radius $r = v_0$. The solutions are the intersection of the plane and the sphere.
For $N = 2$
\[ \begin{array}{c} v_0 = v_1 + v_2\newline v_0^2 = v_1^2 + v_2^2 \end{array} \Rightarrow \begin{array}{c} v_0 = v_1 + v_2\newline v_1 v_2 = 0 \end{array} \Rightarrow (v_1, v_2) = \{ (0, v_0), (v_0, 0) \} \]
For this case the plane degenerates to a line and the sphere to a circle. Their intersection are two points. Utilizing the constrain, only one (1) unique solution is left. The $(v_1, v_2) = (0, v_0)$.
For $N = 3$
\[ \begin{array}{c} v_0 = v_1 + v_2 + v_3\newline v_0^2 = v_1^2 + v_2^2 + v_3^2 \end{array} \Rightarrow \begin{array}{c} v_0 = v_1 + v_2 + v_3\newline v_2 v_3 + v_1 v_3 + v_1 v_2 = 0 \end{array} \]
As there’re more unknowns than equations there’re infinite solutions. For this case those form a circle. Utilizing the constrain, the valid solutions form an arc of that circle.
Although for $N = 3$ (and $N > 3$) there’re infinite solutions only one is experimentally realized. This is explained by considering two-body ($N = 2$) collisions. Splitting in steps at each ball and based on previous result, it’ll be $(u_{i - 1}, u_i) = (0, u_0)$.
Therefore finally there’ll be one (1) unique solution, the $\mathbf{\upsilon}= (v_j = \delta_{j N} v_0)$.